Today (= a stormy day in Florence) Stefano and I continued to do quite a bit of house cleaning/organizing (oh, and I also made an enorrrmous apple pie…yum yum!). But I digress… 🙂

This morning, during a much-needed break, I began looking through a bunch of recent Science Daily articles and was struck by this one, which is about a gene…not about a lost mountain kitty (see photo…awwww!): http://tinyurl.com/35upwo3

Well, I still cannot wrap my brain around this new finding, but I did want to publish this link for those of you who might be interested in reading about a low-dose radiation experiment that has implications for the understanding of how cancers develop.

I will read it again more thoroughly (and perhaps make a few comments…or not…) tomorrow morning, when my brain will presumably have recovered from the delicious aroma of apple pie that is filling our house right at the moment… 😉

For the past several days (=theoretically, we are in the middle of our summer holiday right now, but it feels more like an endless cleaning marathon…), Stefano and I have been going through and throwing away a lot of the stuff that we have accumulated over the years. Useless junk. Why did we keep it in the first place? Sigh… 

We have also begun a series of projects. Yesterday, for example, we went to IKEA (ah, I just love IKEA stuff…Uhm, wait, but only if Stefano puts it together…I mean, with a quick, cursory glance at the daunting pile of differently-sized nuts and bolts and screws and thingamajigs, he figures out what to do, immediately and without checking the instructions; whereas I am not even able to build a simple IKEA bookcase properly, sigh and double-sigh…well okay, perhaps I exaggerate…), where we bought two very tall narrow CD towers that, joined together and hidden behind a door (also bought at IKEA), have been transformed into THE perfect spice cabinet. All my spices now have their own little niche–the biggest one is for turmeric, as you can imagine!–and I can actually find things when I need them and not three years later, way past the expiration date. Before yesterday, you see, my spices were shoved into the bottom of a corner kitchen cabinet, and I could never find a bloody thing, especially when I needed it.

So house cleaning can be a very VERY good thing…I guess…!

But it has kept me away from my research and the blog, which I do check carefully about once a day, mainly to delete tons of spam messages, some of which I find rather amusing…but mainly just a silly waste of my time (delete delete delete…I mean, what’s the point???).

I have also answered a few blog reader queries, but my time is limited, and I am finding it difficult to answer each and every one, so please please please bear with me and, if need be, write me a reminder…that is, write to me if you cannot find the answer to your question on my blog (scroll down my Pages on the right until you reach the Search box; that makes things easier…).

Okay, now let’s go on to the hot chili pepper part of today’s post: a few days ago, I read a very interesting Science Daily article about capsaicin–the HOT ingredient in chili peppers–and high blood pressure: http://tinyurl.com/34swjx4 It reminded me of a post that I wrote in 2007 about a myeloma and capsaicin study: http://tinyurl.com/3xocear. At the time, I had access only to the abstract. Well, I did a brief search yesterday, and it turns out that the full study is available for free online now. I haven’t had the time to read it yet, but here is the link: http://tinyurl.com/34vkljo

So, please pass the hot chili pepper…in fact, the hotter, the better! 🙂

This morning, while taking a break to read a recent Science Daily article on bee venom tested as a “smart bomb” to target cancer cells (http://tinyurl.com/38352lx), I was reminded of a post I wrote, three years ago!!!, about an Iranian multiple myeloma patient who was treated, successfully it seemed (seems?), with bee stings. Here is the link to that post: http://tinyurl.com/2urbc5j

Well, at the time I didn’t have access to the full study. After checking online this morning, though, I found it…yes, the whole kit and caboodle: http://tinyurl.com/368nxoa. It is a short, easy and intriguing text, so I highly recommend that you go have a look at it.

Now, I am not suggesting that we should all go out and get stung by bees (ouchhh!), but we cannot deny that this is a thought-provoking case of a myeloma patient whose symptoms got considerably worse with chemotherapy, to the point where he was bedridden, but improved under the controlled administration of bee venom…

Yesterday was my parents’ 56th wedding anniversary 🙂 …So, in order to keep celebrating all the years they have spent together (and yes, they are the sort who still walk around hand in hand and say goofy things to each other… 🙂 ), I thought I would post something amusing today. This list was sent to me by a UK blogging friend (thanks!):

Extracts from complaints written by council tenants to their Housing Departments.

• My bush is really overgrown round the front, and my back passage has fungus growing in it.
• He’s got this huge tool that vibrates the whole house, and I just can’t take it anymore.
• It is the dog’s mess that I find hard to swallow.
• I want some repairs done to my cooker as it has backfired and burnt my knob off.
• I wish to complain that my father hurt his ankle very badly when he put his foot in the hole in his back passage.
• And their 18-year-old son is continually banging his balls against my fence.
• I wish to report that tiles are missing from the outside toilet roof. I think it was bad wind the other night that blew them off.
• My lavatory seat is cracked; where do I stand?
• I am writing on behalf of my sink, which is coming away from the wall.
• Will you please send someone to mend the garden path? My wife tripped and fell on it yesterday and now she is pregnant.
• I request permission to remove my drawers in the kitchen.
• 50% of the walls are damp, 50% have crumbling plaster, and 50% are plain filthy.
• I am still having problems with smoke in my new drawers.
• The toilet is blocked and we cannot bath the children until it is cleared.
• Will you please send a man to look at my water? It is a funny colour & not fit to drink.
• I want to complain about the farmer across the road. Every morning at 6 am his cock wakes me up, and its now getting too much for me.
• The man next door has a large erection in the back garden, which is unsightly and dangerous.
• Our kitchen floor is damp. We have two children and would like a third, so please send someone round to do something about it.
• I am a single woman living in a downstairs flat and would you please do something about the noise made by the man on top of me every night.
• Please send a man with the right tool to finish the job and satisfy my wife.

Since I am still in the midst of research chaos, today I am posting a link to a lovely, heartwarming story sent to me by a blogging friend (thank you!!!): http://tinyurl.com/2fusp5y

I am researching a bunch of different topics, which I hope will turn into hot trails and not, as often happens, fizzle out and become a bunch of unfinished, unpublished drafts…

Since I am still a bit stumped in my research, though, today I would like to direct you to a blogging friend’s post, which shows multiple myeloma incidence rates all over the world…scary but interesting, too: http://tinyurl.com/25ej8dd Just click on her three “red” links to see the global maps…

Here I discovered that Italy (where I have lived most of my life) has one of the highest incidence rates of myeloma in the world…Well, geeweezee, che sorpresa!, how is that possible? Yes, I am indeed quite surprised. And I think most of you will be equally surprised to see the placement of certain countries on this global map…

That’s it. I am moving to Belize…but before I begin packing, I must return to my research… 😉

Thanks to a fabulous blog reader, I was able to read the entire text of a recently-published “Carcinogenesis” study on how EGCG, the main polyphenol in green tea, affects not one, not even two, but THREE (!) of the pesky Polycomb repressor genes that play central roles in myeloma. The study examines skin cancer cells, not myeloma ones, but the findings are certainly relevant for us, too. Here is the link to the abstract: http://tinyurl.com/32edo5d

We have already spent a lot of time on EZH2 (see previous posts), which is closely linked to the proliferation (etc.) of myeloma cells, so I won’t bother going over that one again.

But this is the first time we have dealt with Bmi-1 in connection with myeloma. All we need to do is take a look at the title of another study (abstract: http://tinyurl.com/32lsuf7): “The Polycomb Group Protein Bmi-1 Is Essential for the Growth of Multiple Myeloma Cells.” This part says it all: “…essential for the growth of myeloma cells…” 👿

As for SUZ12, this Polyhooligan* (*this word does not exist, by the way…it just popped into my head as I was writing one of my Polycomb posts) is also super-active in multiple myeloma and, e.g., chronic myeloid leukemia. I became aware of its existence while going through the study that began my Polycomb quest: http://tinyurl.com/3y8errz This study mentions that SUZ12 is significantly correlated with the establishment and progression of MM. Eeek! 

So let’s have a look at the “Carcinogenesis” study. Today I don’t feel like quoting and commenting on huge portions of a study, so I will be amazingly brief…for a change. 🙂

In the abstract, you can read about EGCG’s anticancer activities…I wanted to highlight only that it inhibits some of myeloma’s best buddies—cyclin D1 and so on. Yes, you are right: the abstract is not easy to read (…you should see the full study!…Mamma mia!). In a nutshell, though, it tells us that EGCG reduces the survival of skin cancer cells by decreasing the mad activity of two Polyhooligans, Bmi-1 and EZH2. The third Polyhooligan, SUZ12, is discussed only in the full study (a bit of technical information: SUZ12 belongs to the PCR2 group).

Full study, now. It points out that EGCG has not (yet!) been studied in connection with the hyperactive Polycomb repressor genes. Other studies have shown that EGCG blocks the growth and indeed increases apoptosis in skin cancer cells (apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death). This study shows that expression of prosurvival PcG proteins is increased in skin cancer cells as compared with normal and that EGCG treatment of the cancer cells suppresses PcG protein expression and histone methylation leading to reduced cell survival. Basically, this means that skin cancer cells contain a whole bunch of these hyperactive Polyhooligans, which help them survive…but most of them begin dying as soon as EGCG enters the picture. Not bad, eh! 

Skipping a lot of details (a promise is a promise…!) and getting to the Conclusion: by reducing the hyperactivity of the three above-mentioned Polyhooligans, EGCG is able to have a huge impact on the survival of skin cancer cells. Gollywobbly!

Well, one thing is for sure: I am definitely a coffee-in-the-morning drinker, not a tea-drinker (except when we are in the UK)…but, after reading this study, I am seriously thinking of having a mid-afternoon cup of green tea every day…in fact, it is mid-afternoon right now, sooo…off I go, ciao! 😉

A blog reader (thanks!) sent me this joke…not sure why the lawyer has to be a…lawyer (my apologies to all the hard-working lawyers out there!), but anyway…here it is:

A lawyer and a senior citizen are sitting next to each other on a long flight. The lawyer is thinking that seniors are so dumb that he could get one over on them easy. So he asks if the senior would like to play a fun game. The senior is tired and just wants to take a nap, so he politely declines and tries to catch a few winks.

The lawyer persists, saying that the game is a lot of fun. “I ask you a question, and if you don’t know the answer, you pay me only $5. Then you ask me one, and if I don’t know the answer, I will pay you $500,” he says. This catches the senior’s attention and to keep the lawyer quiet, he agrees to play the game.

The lawyer asks the first question. “What’s the distance from the Earth to the Moon?” The senior doesn’t say a word, but reaches into his pocket, pulls out a five-dollar bill, and hands it to the lawyer.

Now it’s the senior’s turn. He asks the lawyer, “What goes up a hill with three legs, and comes down with four?” The lawyer uses his laptop and searches all references he could find on the Net. He sends e-mails to all the smart friends he knows; all to no avail. After an hour of searching, he finally gives up. He wakes the senior and hands him $500. The senior pockets the $500 and goes right back to sleep.

The lawyer is going nuts not knowing the answer. He wakes the senior up and asks, “Well, so what goes up a hill with three legs and comes down with four?”

The senior reaches into his pocket, hands the lawyer $5 and goes back to sleep.

Okay, so we already have cancer…but still, I think that avoiding toxic pesticides and potential carcinogens in our everyday busy lives is a super-good idea. Speaking of which, my Mom recently sent me the link to the Environmental Working Group’s website, which provides a list of Cancer Prevention Tips as well as various databases that we can consult for free.

There is a sunscreen database, for example…so you can check to see if the particular product you are using contains any bad stuff. And check out your cosmetics, too! 

Just click here: http://tinyurl.com/34njxu5

Hah, you didn’t think I had set the Polyhooligans aside just yet, did you?  😉  Well, as we know from my previous post, EZH2 is hyperactive (=overexpressed) in many types of cancer, including breast and prostate cancers and, of course!, myeloma. I have therefore been looking for PubMed studies on non-toxic substances that can perhaps help us restrain the antics of this particularly mischievous Polycomb repressor gene.

A September 2009 study (see: http://tinyurl.com/382xp66) confirms that the Aberrant expression of EZH2 has been associated with metastasis and poor prognosis in cancer patients. It then adds that, in spite of EZH2’s involvement in oncogenesis and therapy failure, not much is known about chemotherapeutics and chemopreventive agents that can suppress its expression and activity. Here, we show that dietary omega-3 […] polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can regulate the expression of EZH2 in breast cancer cells.

Oh wait, duuuh, I just quoted from the publicly-available abstract…my apologies! But I did so because it makes an important point: in spite of the evidence pointing to EZH2 as a prime target in cancer treatment, very little is known about its potential inhibitors…Well, we have seen that curcumin is one such inhibitor…and today’s study shows that dietary omega-3 PUFAs (=polyunsaturated fatty acids) are also able to block EZH2.

The full study (that I received from a very kind blog reader–thank you!) begins with a description of the Polycomb group proteins (PcGs) and the Polycomb repressive complexes (PRCs), which are formed when PcGs stick to one another…okay, skip skip skip…this stuff is giving me a headache…I need to forge ahead and select only the important bits…

Here is one: Chemopreventive agents such as dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are known to influence the development and progression of breast cancer and other cancers. Omega-3 PUFAs lower a woman’s risk of developing breast cancer, whereas omega-6 PUFAs are associated with a higher risk. However, the study informs us that even though the molecular targets of PUFAs are not very well understood, one of these targets happens to be EZH2…Well, that is cause for celebration, I’d say!

The researchers examined DHA and EPA, two of the best-known omega-3 PUFAs, as well as LA and AA, which are omega-6 PUFAs*. EZH2 became less active when breast cancer cells were treated with DHA and EPA, whereas it was not affected at all by AA and LA. The study describes a series of experiments, but the language used is very technical, so yes, I think I will go directly to the Discussion part…

Here we learn (…but are undoubtedly not surprised!) that omega-3 PUFAs have been the object of many cancer studies. Out of curiosity, I went to PubMed and found hundreds of studies, including this pancreatic cancer one: http://tinyurl.com/35syxy4. Apparently, omega-3s can mediate cancer development and progression through multiple mechanisms. For example, they have an impact on NF-kappaB. Good news for us, obviously.

Skipping on…Recent genetic studies suggest that PUFAs are involved in the regulation of a broad spectrum of genes involved in diverse biological functions such as nutrition, cell division, proliferation, apoptosis and metastasis. Omega-3s can inhibit angiogenesis (=another process that helps keep MM cells alive and healthy) and COX2 (yep, this one, too, is another big friend of myeloma cells). Well, the list goes on and on. Let’s leave it and get back to our point…

The point is that DHA and EPA, two omega-3 PUFAs,, can decrease the activity of (=down-regulate) EZH2, one of the blasted Polycomb repressor genes that is involved in the proliferation of myeloma cells.

In the researchers’ own words, our studies suggest that anti-oncogenic effect of omega-3 PUFAs, at least in part is mediated by the PcG targets of PUFAs such as EZH2. And, they add, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that links the regulation of expression of PcG proteins, in particular EZH2, to chemopreventive agents such as dietary fatty acids. Let’s hope that it is not the last!

Even though I have to admit that I didn’t understand a good part of this study (e.g., the bits about EZH2 posttranslational regulation and EZH2 ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by proteosome-dependent pathways…Aaagh!!!), this much is crystal clear: we should, indeed we MUST include omega-3 PUFAs in our diet. I take 2 grams of molecularly-distilled fish oil every day and, after reading this study, have found another excellent reason for sticking to my protocol…

*More information on the difference between omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs: http://tinyurl.com/5e33wd and http://tinyurl.com/3ywwf8f (there is a ton of information out there on omega-3s and omega-6s…a quick search is all you need to do…).